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AbstractA central concern of the article is to examine how the female gaze is evident in the films of Indian film director Sai Paranjpye. More specifically, this research article analyses the ways, how female gaze asserts itself by playing with established cinematic codes while keeping the political and social condition of the time in the foreground. In this article, the focus is on examining the reflexive disposition of Sai by recontextualizing the conversant tropes popularized in Hindi films. This article also explores the ways in which a film itself participates in defining the "gaze" or, in other words, in questioning the cultural training of viewing. For the article, three films,Sparsh,Chashme Buddoor, andKatha, are taken as case studies. Using these three films as examples, the article explores how narrative techniques can be used to challenge established cinematic codes while making the female gaze distinguishable. The examples discussed are chosen in such a way that, on the one hand, they occupy cases of a broad continuum of cinematic narration specific to Bollywood, and on the other, they introduce a semiotic approach.

Introduction / Amar Singh and Shipra Tholia. PART 1: Hero(es) across Traditions. q. The Hero -- on Closer Inspection a Fool? / Ursula Kocher -- 2. Udaaseeno Mahabalaha: Displacement of the Heroic in the Mnemocultures of India / Venkat Rao -- 3. The Other Side of Heroism: Construction and Deconstruction of the Heroic in German Literature on Greece's Struggle for Independence in works by Wilhelm Müller, Friedrich Hölderlin and E.T.A. Hoffmann / Stefan Lindinger -- 4. Transformed Heroes: The Bīr Bābās and their Religio-Cultural Metamorphosis / Banibrata Mahanta. PART II: Hero(es) across Fictions. 5. Folktale's Hero in the Post-Truth World / Sadhana Naithani -- 6. How to Live (Happily) Ever After: Heroic Selflessness in Hans Christian Andersen's Fairy Tales / Julie K Allen -- 7. The Unheroic Hero in Heinrich Böll's Und Sagte Kein Einziges Wort / S Santha Kumari -- 8. Incompetent Heroism: Revisiting the Image of the Hero in Thomas Brüssig's 'Heroes like Us' / Shipra Tholia. PART III: Cinematic Hero(es) and Beyond. 9. Meet the Real Protagonists of Everyday Life / Anil Zankar -- 10. Transgressing the Borders of Space and Time the Heroism of the Pilot Joseph Cooper in Christopher Nolan's 'Interstellar' / Thomas Schwarz and Amar Singh -- 11. 'Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind' and the Crises of a Hero in Love / Amar Singh. PART IV: Making/Unmaking of Hero(es) across Media and Culture. 12. Daredevil Philosophy: Dean Potter's When Dogs Fly / Stefan Börnchen -- 13. Of Nation and Masculinity in Bollywood Sports Biopics: Recontextualizing 'Bhaag Milkha Bhaag' and 'Dangal' / Hariom Singh -- 14. The Representation of Dalit Women Heroes in Nalini Jameela's 'The Autobigraphy of a Sex Worker' and Yashica Dutt's 'Coming out as a Dalit' / Parveen Kumari -- 15. The Hero and the Other: The Making and Unmaking of the Heroes across Cultures / Pravin K Patel.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Introduction -- Part I Hero(es) across traditions -- 1 The hero - on closer inspection a fool? -- 2 Udaaseeno Mahabalaha: displacement of the heroic in the mnemocultures of India -- 3 The other side of heroism: construction and deconstruction of the heroic in German literature on Greece's struggle for independence in works by Wilhelm Müller, Friedrich Hölderlin, and E.T.A. Hoffmann -- 4 Transformed heroes: the Bīr Bābās and their religio-cultural metamorphosis -- Part II Hero(es) across fictions -- 5 Folktale's hero in the post-truth world -- 6 How to live (happily) ever after: heroic selflessness in Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tales -- 7 The unheroic hero in Heinrich Böll's Und sagte kein einziges Wort -- 8 Incompetent heroism: revisiting the image of the hero in Thomas Brüssig's Heroes Like Us -- Part III Cinematic hero(es) and beyond -- 9 Meet the real protagonists of everyday life -- 10 Transgressing the borders of space and time: the heroism of the pilot Joseph Cooper in Christopher Nolan's Interstellar -- 11 Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind and the crises of a hero in love -- Part IV Making/unmaking of hero(es) across media and culture -- 12 Daredevil philosophy: Dean Potter's When Dogs Fly -- 13 Of nation and masculinity in Bollywood sports biopics: recontextualizing Bhaag Milkha Bhaag and Dangal -- 14 The representation of Dalit women heroes in Nalini Jameela's The Autobiography of a Sex Worker and Yashica Dutt's Coming out as a Dalit -- 15 The hero and the other: the making and unmaking of heroes across cultures -- Index.